Importance of efficient and compact battery systems is driving the progress in electrification in the automotive industry. The promising candidate for next generation energy storage devices are lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. Li-S battery has high theoretical energy density (~ 2500 Wh kg^-1) and capacity (1675 mAh g^-1). Despite high theoretical capacity, as well as the natural abundance and environmental compatibility of sulphur, the commercialization is hindered by several challenges. The main barriers are insulating characteristics of elementary sulphur, large volumetric expansion, the polysulphide shuttle phenomenon, growing of lithium dendrites and high reactivity of lithium. Lower (Li₂S, Li₂S₂) and higher (Li₂S₄, Li₂S₆, Li₂S₈) polysulphides are produced during cycling, while the higher polysulfides are soluble in the organic electrolyte and migrate freely between electrodes. This process in known as polysulphide shuttle [1, 2]. 

The solution for these issues is incorporation of sulphur into conductive porous matrix, such as carbon Super P or Ketjenblack, to increase electrical conductivity of cathode material, sulphur utilization and inhibit polysulphide shuttle [3].

1. [1] N. Kang, Y. Lin, L. Yang et al., Nat Commun, 2019, 10, 4597.
   [2] T. Kazda, M. Krbal and M. Pouzar, Journal of Power Sources, 2016, 331, 293-298.
   [3] A. Straková Fedorková, T. Kazda and K. Gavalierová, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 2018, 13, 551-562.